With the rapid increase of international opportunities, many South Africans are heading abroad to work and, in some cases, settle permanently. It’s important to understand the tax and financial implications that come with emigrating from South Africa and why planning ahead remains crucial.
South Africa’s tax laws have undergone a number of changes, and there could be more to come. As exciting as starting a new life abroad may be, there are a few important tax issues that should be taken care of before you leave South Africa.
You need to ask yourself some important questions:
A taxpayer is someone who is obligated to pay taxes to the government of the country where they earn income in that country.
A tax resident is someone who is required to pay tax in the country in which he/she is deemed to be a tax resident of, whether they live in the country or not.
I.e. South African tax residents are required to pay tax on income earned in South Africa and overseas, regardless of whether they reside in South Africa or in a foreign country for temporary reasons.
Changing your tax status to non-resident makes you liable for Capital Gains Tax (CGT), also known as an exit charge. Your tax owed is calculated as if you sold your assets on your last day of being a tax resident and bought them back on the first day of being a non-resident. This is the South African Revenue’s (SARS) way of claiming the tax it would have received had you remained a South African tax resident.
In South Africa, your tax is worked out on the assumption that your monthly income will remain the same for the duration of the tax year. If you are overcharged, you’ll qualify for a refund at the end of the tax year. This means that the earlier you emigrate in the tax year, the larger your refund will be as SARS will have to repay you for the remaining months of the tax year assuming you have paid taxes during the South African tax year.
It’s important to consider where you’ll be liable for tax and how much South African tax you may have to pay. It is possible to not reside in South Africa and still be considered a South African tax resident. A Double Taxation Agreement (DTA) is an agreement between South Africa and another country that ensures that you are not taxed in both South Africa and your new country of residence, but it does not make you exempt from tax in both countries.
A DTA becomes relevant when you earn an income in South Africa as well as abroad, or if you’re a South African tax resident earning a foreign income.
It also determines which country will be seen as your tax resident country where both countries see you as a tax resident. This is determined through the tie-breaker test, which takes into consideration the following:
Where both countries have taxing rights then a taxpayer will in essence pay the country with first taxing rights and then if the second country has a higher tax rate on that income then the balance to the second country. So, the final tax rate will be the highest between the two jurisdictions.
South African tax residents working abroad must submit tax returns in South Africa. However, if you have spent more than 183 days outside of the country in the relevant 12-month period (at least 60 of those days being consecutive), then the first R1.25 million earned in foreign income is exempt from South African tax.
When changing your tax status, it's often better to sell your assets and buy them back on the same day, so that you trigger a new base cost in the new country and have the proof to demonstrate this cost.
For example, if you move from South Africa to the UK with a share portfolio, when you eventually sell those shares, HMRC will calculate the capital gain from the date you purchased the shares. If you already paid “exit tax” on these shares when you left South Africa, you will have to prove this to HMRC. Planning ahead can save you a headache in the long run.
By disposing of your assets, while being a South African tax resident, and then reinvesting it once you have ceased to be a South African tax resident, you ensure that your assets will have a new cost base from the moment you’re no longer a South African tax resident.
A common mistake South Africans make when emigrating is that they don’t inform SARS. Just because you’ve left South Africa does not mean that you are no longer a South African tax resident. SA tax residents who live abroad are still required to pay tax in South Africa and are taxed on their worldwide income. Non-compliance could prove costly and possibly result in a criminal record. What’s more, if you wish to access your retirement funds after leaving South Africa, you will need to have proof that you have been a tax resident in another country for three years.
To no longer be considered a South African tax resident you have to change your tax status from resident to non-tax resident in South Africa. This is also referred to as tax emigration.
The process of changing your tax status can be complex and involves quite a bit of admin. Seeking professional cross-border tax assistance will give you the peace of mind that your tax affairs are in order and you won’t have to worry about any unexpected tax bills.
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